The emperor removed his Protestant rival and became king of Bohemia once more. [75], Matthias was elected Holy Roman Emperor only months after Rudolph II died on 20 June 1612. [162] Wallenstein, who had accumulated immeasurable wealth in Bohemia, offered to hire mercenaries for him, but Ferdinand still hesitated. [155][154] The treaty confirmed the provisions of the previous Peace of Nikolsburg. A person of moderate talents and willpower, he nevertheless exerted a strong influence on the events of his time by his strict and uncompromising religious policy. Die Offiziere Gallas, inzwischen Generalleutnant, Piccolomini und Aldringen wurden mit der Exekution oder Gefangennahme beauftragt, unternahmen jedoch einige Wochen lang nichts Konkretes, auer dass sie ihre Informationen an die ihnen zuverlssig erscheinenden Truppenkommandanten weitergaben (wesentlicher Grund fr das lange Zgern war vermutlich, dass Wallensteins Anhngerschaft bei seinen Soldaten noch zu gro war). Seit 1595 fhrte er selbst die Regierung in Innersterreich und baute seine Residenz Graz aus. [146] Tilly conquered the capital of the Palatinate, Heidelberg, on 19 September. [1] Charles II, who was the youngest son of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, had inherited the Inner Austrian provincesStyria, Carinthia, Carniola, Gorizia, Fiume, Trieste and parts of Istria and Friulifrom his father in 1564. In his second marriage to Anna Juliana Gonzaga, he was the father of Anna of Tyrol, future Holy Roman Empress. [citation needed], In 1625, despite the subsidies received from Spain and the Pope, Ferdinand was in a bad financial situation. 1622 , (1598-1665) . und der Dreiigjhrige Krieg + 1.3.1 Der Prager Fenstersturz + 1.3.2 Der Winterknig + 1.3.3 Wallenstein o 1.4 Letzte Jahre und Tod * 2 Der Mensch Ferdinand * 3 Familie * 4 Berater Ferdinands * 5 Literatur * 6 Weblinks Leben [Bearbeiten]. Dezember 1619 in Graz), Erzherzog von sterreich * Ferdinand (IV.) Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II (1741-1790) Archduchess Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen (1742-1798) Archduchess Maria Elisabeth (1743-1808). Ferdinands Heer erstritt Anfang September 1634 den wichtigen Sieg in der Schlacht bei Nrdlingen; jedoch suchte er nun durch Zugestndnisse an die evangelischen Frsten dem Krieg ein Ende zu machen und schloss zu diesem Zweck 1635 den Prager Frieden mit Sachsen, in dem er auf die Durchfhrung des Restitutionsediktes verzichtete und dem sich die meisten deutschen Protestanten anschlossen. 1630 , , 1632 . Teil 1. 1716, 12 Bde. Ferdinand replied by firing the Bohemian general in 1630. On May 22, 1618, two royal (Catholic) officials in Prague were thrown out a castle window by Bohemian Protestants (the Defenestration of Prague). In the spring of 1632, Wallenstein raised a fresh army in a matter of weeks and drove the Protestant army out of Bohemia. [47] Ferdinand could never properly manage financial affairs, and the most important fortresses were poorly supplied. His father was Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, Mother Maria Anna of Bavaria. His rule coincided with the Thirty Years' War. [125], Ferdinand continued the negotiations with the Estates of Lower and Upper Austria about his recognition as Matthias' successor in both provinces. $20.99. , (Styria) , . Later Ferdinand secured approval from the Habsburg rulers of Spain to succeed the childless Matthias. COOMODEL SE106 1/6 Scale . Verlag Carl Ueberreuther, Wien 2004., ISBN 3-8000-3532-4. [102] Ferdinand and Maximilian III decided to get rid of Klesl, although the cardinal supported their demand for a more determined policy against the Bohemian rebels. war von kleiner, gedrungener Gestalt, heiter und freundlich gegen seine Umgebung; seine Gutmtigkeit artete oft in Schwche aus, namentlich gegenber gewissenlosen Beamten. [82] They besieged Gradisca from 12 February to 30 March, but they could not capture the fortress. [107] Maximilian of Bavaria encouraged Ferdinand to adopt an aggressive policy against the Bohemian rebels, but Ferdinand again confirmed the Letter of Majesty and urged the Bohemians to send delegates to Vienna. 2. He was also the Archduke of Styria (Inner Austria) from 15901637, King of Bohemia from 1617-1619 and again from 1620-1637, as well as King of Hungary from 1618-1625. Auch dort versuchte er die Gegenreformation mit voller Hrte durchzusetzen und wurde damit einer der Auslser des Dreiigjhrigen Krieges, in dem er anfangs mit Hilfe seiner Feldherren Wallenstein und Tilly sehr erfolgreich war. Ferdinand II, (born July 9, 1578, Graz, Styria [now in Austria]died February 15, 1637, Vienna), Holy Roman emperor (1619-37), archduke of Austria, king of Bohemia (1617-19, 1620-27), and king of Hungary (1618-25). Ferdinand's deposition in Bohemia reached Frankfurt on the same day, but he did not leave the town before being crowned on 9 September. [164] He authorized Maximilian to invade the Lower Saxon Circle if it were necessary to stop a Danish attack only in July. The Thirty Years' War began in 1618 as a result of inadequacies of his predecessors Rudolf II and Matthias. August 1619 dem reformierten Kurfrsten der Pfalz Friedrich V. verliehen. [104] He demanded the dissolution of the provisional government and the rebels' army. Omissions? Ferdinand II Elected Holy Roman Emperor. The Protestants of Upper and Lower Austria were subjected to compulsory conversion. [118][119] He was still in Munich when Bethlen and Thurn united their forces and laid siege to Vienna in November. Rudolf II also charged him with the command of the defense of Croatia, Slavonia, and southeastern Hungary against the Ottoman Empire. The different interpretation of the Letter of Majesty, which summarized the Bohemian Protestants' liberties, gave rise to an uprising, known as the Second Defenestration of Prague on 23 May 1618. Februar 1637 in Wien) aus dem Haus Habsburg war ab 1617 mit einer Unterbrechung 1619/20 Knig von Bhmen sowie ab 1618 Knig von Ungarn, Knig von Kroatien und ab 1619 Kaiser des Heiligen Rmischen Reiches. At the electoral convention of Regensburg in 1636, he secured the election of his son, Ferdinand III, as king of the Romans, which prepared the way for his succession as Holy Roman emperor. , (16141662). [162][163] Initially, Ferdinand wanted to avoid the renewal of armed conflicts, but Maximilian of Bavaria urged him to gather an army against the new Protestant alliance. Embarrassed as well as offended, Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1619-1637) retaliated with a military expedition, which started a long and protracted conflict, called the Thirty Years' War. [64] According to the Treaty of Lieben, Rudolph retained most Lands of the Bohemian Crown and the title of Holy Roman Emperor, but had to renounce Hungary, Lower and Upper Austria and Moravia in favor of Matthias. [115] Gabriel Bethlen, Prince of Transylvania, made an alliance with the Bohemians and invaded Upper Hungary (mainly present-day Slovakia) in September. Ferdinand II, who had been married to his second wife, Eleonora Gonzaga of Mantua, since 1622, died in Vienna in 1637. [96], The application of the Letter of Majesty was controversial in Bohemia. [151] Lamormaini awakened Ferdinand's determination to adopt strict measures against the Protestants. [citation needed] Given the great number of Protestants among the ordinary population in the kingdom, and some of the nobles, the king's unpopularity soon caused the Bohemian Revolt. He avoided committing himself in a quarrel between his cousins, the Holy Roman emperor Rudolf II and his brother Matthias, who eventually succeeded Rudolf as emperor. Sota alkoi Saksan sisisen uskonsotana, mutta pttyi yleiseurooppalaisena sotana, jossa uskonnolliset seikat olivat menettneet merkityksens. [25] He met with Pope Clement VIII in Ferrara in early May,[26] and briefly mentioned that he wanted to expel all Protestants from Inner Austria, which the Pope discouraged. [22][24] He named his mother regent and left Graz on 22 April 1598. The Ottomans captured Nagykanizsa in Hungary in 1600, which enabled them to invade Styria. During the first stage of the family feud known as the Brothers' Quarrel, Ferdinand initially supported Rudolph II's brother, Matthias, who wanted to convince the melancholic Emperor to abdicate, but Matthias' concessions to the Protestants in Hungary, Austria, and Bohemia outraged Ferdinand. Wahlspruch: Legitime certantibus = Mit den ehrlich Kmpfenden, Ferdinand II. [154], The chief minister of Louis XIII of France, Cardinal Richelieu, started to forge an alliance against the Habsburgs in 1624. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. In the prime of his life Ferdinand was described as a blue-eyed, somewhat corpulent, middle-sized man who wore Spanish court dress. News of his deposition arrived in Frankfurt on the 28th but Ferdinand didn't leave town until he had been crowned. Ferdinand's staunch Catholicism led to infringements on the religious freedoms of non-Catholics. In 1619, however, the largely Protestant diet of Bohemia deposed him, electing Frederick V, elector of the Palatinate, as their king. Wallenstein was recalled, being able to muster an army in only a week, and immediately staked a tactical, if not strategic, victory at the September Battle of Frth, quickly followed by his forces expelling the Swedes from Bohemia. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. His parents were devout Catholics, and, in 1590, they sent him to study at the Jesuits' college in Ingolstadt because they wanted to isolate him from the Lutheran nobles. von Innersterreich (15401590) und der Maria von Bayern (15511608) einer Tochter Albrecht V., Herzog von Bayern. [120] Sigismund did not intervene, however, he did hire mercenaries from the Cossack lands which invaded Upper Hungary and forced Bethlen to hurry back to Transylvania in late January 1620. The war began when the newly elected Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand II, tried to impose religious uniformity on his domains, forcing Roman Catholicism on its peoples. In order to muster an imperial army to continue the war, he applied to Albrecht von Wallenstein, one of the richest men in Bohemia: the latter accepted on condition that he could keep total control over the direction of the war, as well as over the booties taken during the operations. Band 6. Their opposition forced Ferdinand in 1630 to dismiss Wallenstein, the mainstay of his power. [77] Matthias made Ferdinand the governor of Lower and Upper Austria and appointed him as his representative in Hungary, but Klesl became his most influential advisor. [97] Royal officials arrested Protestant burghers who wanted to build a church in Broumov and destroyed a newly built church in Hrob. Ferdinand II was a 17th century Holy Roman Emperor. III. Filed under: Holy Roman Empire -- History -- Ferdinand II, 1619-1623 -- Sources. Following to which he introduced Spain into the imperial expansion. [22], Ferdinand made an unofficial journey to Italy before getting fully involved in state administration. Ferdinand erwies sich als schwacher Herrscher, der sich oft seiner Berater bediente um politische Entscheidungen zu treffen. , (16111644), , . * Jrg-Peter Findeisen: Der Dreiigjhrige Krieg. Ferdinand was born on March 10, 1503, in Alcal de Henares, Spain. [49], The Ottomans failed to exploit this victory, as Rudolph II's troops managed to defeat them near Szkesfehrvr. Answer and Explanation: [78] Although the Catholic League was renewed, it declared, in accordance with Klesl's proposal, the defense of the imperial constitution as its principal purpose instead of the protection of Catholicism. He did not wish to uphold the religious liberties granted by the Letter of Majesty signed by the previous emperor, Rudolph II, which had guaranteed freedom of religion to the nobles and cities. [85] Philip acknowledged Ferdinand's right to inherit Matthias's realms, but Ferdinand promised to cede territories in Alsace, along with Finale Ligure and the Principality of Piombino in Italy to Philip after he succeeded Matthias as Holy Roman Emperor. After Frederick's flight to the Netherlands, Ferdinand ordered a massive effort to bring about re-conversion to Catholicism in Bohemia and Austria, causing Protestantism there to nearly disappear in the following decades, and reducing the Diet's power. By creating an independent Austrian court chancellery and by establishing in his will the principles of Austrias indivisibility and of primogeniture in his family, he made an essential contribution to the countrys national integration. [87][88] The Venetians again laid siege to Gradisca in March 1617. Sodan laajetessa siihen liittyi vallanhaluisten ruhtinaiden ja maiden, etenkin Ruotsin ja Ranskan, pyrkimys rajoittaa Habsburg-suvun hallitseman keisarikunnan valtaa. (Holy Roman Emperor) Ferdinand II was a member of the House of Habsburg and served as the Holy Roman Emperor (1619-1637), the king of Bohemia (1617-1619 and 1620-1637), and the king of Hungary (1618-1637). [47] The Pope appointed his nephew, Gian Francesco Aldobrandini, as the commander of the papal troops. 1529-1595. Ferdinand II (9 July 1578 15 February 1637) was Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia, Hungary, and Croatia from 1619 until his death in 1637. 1617, schon vor dem Tod seines kinderlosen Cousins Matthias wurde er, mit Untersttzung des hchsten Kanzlers Zdenk Vojtch von Lobkowicz, Knig von Bhmen, 1618 Knig von Ungarn. [32] He summoned Italian and Spanish mercenaries to Graz. [10], Charles II died unexpectedly on 10 July 1590,[7] having named his wife, his brother Archduke Ferdinand II, their nephew Emperor Rudolph II, and his brother-in-law Duke William V the guardians of Ferdinand. In 1600, Ferdinand married Maria Anna of Bavaria (15741616), daughter of Duke William V of Bavaria. Although the country was Catholic, France feared both the Germans and the Spanish, so Cardinal Richelieu convinced King Louis XIII of France to ally himself with the Dutch and the Swedes. [57] The delegates of the Protestant princes stated that they would vote for the tax only if the Catholic Estates accepted their interpretation of the Religious Peace of Augsburg, especially their right to retain the lands they had confiscated from Catholic clerics in their realms. In return he promised in a secret treaty (1617) to cede to them Alsace and the imperial fiefs in Italy. [27] At the shrine, he ceremoniously pledged that he would restore Catholicism, according to his first biography, written after his death by his confessor, Wilhelm Lamormaini. 12 days ago. [119] Ferdinand sought assistance from his staunchly Catholic brother-in-law, Sigismund III of Poland. Additionally, Ferdinand was an absolutist and infringed upon what nobles regarded as secular rights. [160] French troops were garrisoned along the French frontiers and Richelieu sent envoys to the wealthy and ambitious Christian IV of Denmark and other Protestant rulers to convince them to form a new league. Updates? On this day, August 28, 1619, seven powerful men came to a unanimous decision. [7] His separate household was set up three years later. von Spanien und dessen Gattin Erzherzogin Margarethe von sterreich-Steiermark. In addition to becoming almost entirely Catholic, Bohemia would remain in Habsburg hands for nearly three hundred years. Ferdinand II., Statue von Johann Joseph Resler im ehem. The Diets of Bohemia and Hungary confirmed Ferdinand's position as Matthias' successor only after he had promised to respect the Estates' privileges in both realms. Married Eleanora Gonzaga, March 1651. He was the leading champion of the Roman Catholic Counter-Reformation and of absolutist rule during the Thirty Years' War. [149][150], Ferdinand decided to unite the Habsburgs' hereditary landsInner Austria, Upper and Lower Austria and Tyrolinto a new kingdom. A year later, Ferdinand tried to recapture the fortress, but the action ended in November 1601 with a defeat, due to unprofessional command of his troops. Updates? [87][83], Matthias convoked the Diet of Hungary to Pressburg (now Bratislava in Slovakia) in early 1618. Ferdinand II. war Sohn des Erzherzogs Karl II. Brother of Anne of Austria, Queen of Poland; Maria Christina Habsburg, Erzherzogin von sterreich-Steiermark; Kateina Renata von sterreich, Habsburg, Erzherzogin; Elisabeth von Habsburg-sterreich, Archduchess; Karl von sterreich Habsburg and 8 others; Georgiane Maximiliane Archduchess of Austria av Steyer Habsburg; Eleonore Archduchess Of av Steyer Habsburg; Maximilian Ernst Habsburg (sterreichische Linie); Margaret of Austria; Leopold V, Erzherzog von sterreich-Tirol; Archduchess Constance of Austria; Maria Magdalena von Habsburg and Charles of Austria, Bishop of Wroclaw less. [98][90] The Protestants principally blamed two of the four Catholic royal governors, Jaroslav Boita of Martinice and Vilm Slavata of Chlum, for the violent acts. Dies ist nicht verwunderlich, da Ferdinand II. [73] Matthias, Ferdinand and Maximilian III assembled at Vienna to discuss the issue with Philip III's envoy, Baltasar de Ziga, in December. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. By 1625, despite receiving subsidies from the Spanish and the Pope, Ferdinand was strapped for cash and looking for a means to raise his own army. [73] Leopold invaded Bohemia in February 1611, but the troops of the Bohemian Estates defeated him. [97] The Protestants argued that it allowed them to build churches on Catholic prelates' lands, but the Catholics did not accept their interpretation. Couch and footstool with bone carvings and glass inlays. In 1635 Ferdinand signed his last important act, the Peace of Prague (1635), yet this did not end the war. [124][128] Maximilian I retained Upper Austria as a security for Ferdinand's debts and the local Estates swore fealty to him on 20 August. o 1.1 Kindheit und Jugend o 1.2 Aufstieg zum Kaiser o 1.3 Ferdinand II. Generations are numbered by male-line descent from the first archdukes. In 1600 he married Maria Anna of Bavaria, who bore him four children. Jedoch wurde Wallensteins Position am Hof durch Gegner, zu denen insbesondere der spanische Botschafter, der Hofkriegsratsprsident Heinrich Graf Schlick und bhmische Adelige gehrten, in den folgenden Jahren untergraben. Eine Epoche in Lebensbildern. [19] The weak position of Catholicism in Graz astonished Ferdinand, especially when he realized that only his relatives and most trusted courtiers celebrated the Eucharist during the Easter Mass. FERDINAND II, HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR Reigned from 1619 to 1637; b. Graz, Styria, July 9, 1578; d. Vienna, Feb. 15, 1637. A very pious Catholic, he especially favoured the Jesuits. Die Zeichnung der Persnlichkeit des Kaisers in dem verbreiteten Roman Wallenstein von Alfred Dblin entfernt sich ab einem gewissen Punkt vollstndig von der historischen Wahrheit. With the loss of his commander, he was once again forced to rely on the Catholic League army under Tilly, who was unable to stem the Swedish advance and was killed in 1632. Ferdinnd megkoronzsa utn sem hagyott fel katolizl terveivel, s a mr hagyomnyosan protestnsnak mondhat Csehorszgban, Magyarorszgon s a Nmet-rmai Birodalom egyes terletein politikja miatt egyre feszltebb lett a hangulat, radsul 1617-ben a mantovai rksds miatt Franciaorszggal is szmolnia kellett. [7] He matriculated at the Jesuits' school in Graz at the age of 8. Grandson of Ferdinand I, son of Archduke Charles of Styria, Ferdinand was educated by the Jesuits and supported the Counter Reformation. [47] Ferdinand urged the Pope and Philip III of Spain to send reinforcements and funds to him. Obwohl einen Tag zuvor, nmlich am 27.August 1619, Friedrich V. von der Pfalz zum neuen Bhmischen Knig gewhlt worden war, bte Ferdinand bei seiner Wahl zum Kaiser noch das Wahlrecht der bhmischen Kur aus - der entsprechende Protest einer eigens angereisten bhmischen Delegation wurde vom versammelten Kurfrstenkollegium abgelehnt. * Richard Reifenscheid: Die Habsburger in Lebensbildern, Piper Verlag 2007, ISBN 978-3-492-24753-5 * Thomas Winkelbauer: Stndefreiheit und Frstenmacht. A devout Catholic, his recognition as King of Bohemia and suppression of Protestantism precipitated the early events of the Thirty Years' War. [156] First, he banned Protestant ceremonies in Bohemia proper and Moravia, even prohibiting the noblemen to hold Protestant pastors on 18 May. Ferdinand II decisively defeated Frederick V at the Battle of White Mountain, near Prague, on 8 November 1620. Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (July 13, 1608 - April 2, 1657), ruled February 15, 1637 - 1657. [17] Ferdinand chose the Jesuit Bartholomew Viller as his confessor. [158] Maximilian I of Bavaria, who still held Upper Austria in pledge, proposed a cautious approach in the province, but Ferdinand ordered the expulsion of all Protestant pastors and teachers on 4 October. [112] The Bohemians sent envoys to the conference and denied Ferdinand's right to vote as their king, but the electors ignored their demand. Die rcksichtslose Durchfhrung des geistlichen Vorbehalts und die Wiederherstellung der katholischen Klster und Stifte durch Tilly rief den niederschsisch-dnischen Krieg hervor, fr den Ferdinand ein eigenes kaiserliches Heer unter Wallenstein aufstellte. Though the officials were uninjured, such actions did not fall within the realm of standard protocol, and the clear offense against the royal dignity led to a hardening of attitudes and full rebellion. [105][106] Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy hired Ernst von Mansfeld to assist the Bohemians. [54] At the opening session of the Diet on 12 January 1608, Ferdinand demanded funds from the Imperial Estates on the Emperor's behalf to finance 24,000 troops. . [51] Rudolph did not abdicate the throne, and announced that he was thinking of appointing Ferdinand's brother, Leopold, his successor. Ferdinand was born in 1503 in Alcal de Henares, Castile, the second son of Philip I of Castile and Joanna of Castile. Aber bald darauf, 1630, zwangen ihn die Frsten der Liga, denen er zu mchtig geworden war, auf dem Reichstag in Regensburg, zur Entlassung Wallensteins und zur Verminderung der kaiserlichen Truppen. Medici. Despite the successes of Wallenstein, many of Ferdinand's advisors saw a genuine political threat in the general, citing his growing influence, his increasing number of estates and titles, as well as his extortionate methods of raising funds for his army. In November came the great Battle of Ltzen, at which the Catholics were defeated, but Gustavus Adolphus was killed. Ferdinand konnte noch die Wahl seines Sohnes Ferdinand III. First, he ordered the expulsion of all Protestant pastors and teachers; next, he established special commissions to restore the Catholic parishes. [84] In early 1616, Ferdinand pledged that he would not interfere in state administration in Matthias's realms. Ferdinand II, 1578-1637, Holy Roman emperor (1619-37), king of Bohemia (1617-37) and of Hungary (1618-37); successor of Holy Roman Emperor Matthias. This was, in effect, the beginning of the Thirty Years War. [146] Ferdinand convoked the German princes to a conference to Regensburg, primarily to talk about the future of the Palatinate. Quellen und Volltexte, * Druckschriften von und ber Ferdinand II. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. (* 9. Spain also supported Ferdinand against the Republic of Venice during the Uskok War in 161718. 1635 , . 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Of 8 entirely Catholic, his recognition as king of Bohemia Juliana Gonzaga, he the... Juliana Gonzaga, he was assassinated in 1634 Gradisca in March 1617 perhaps because of Wallenstein ambiguous! The second son of Philip I of Castile War in 161718 of Venice during the Uskok War in.!, 1619, seven powerful men came to a unanimous decision and teachers ; next, was..., ISBN 978-3-492-24753-5 * Thomas Winkelbauer: Stndefreiheit und Frstenmacht who wore Spanish court dress which enabled them invade... End the War zu treffen selbst die Regierung in Innersterreich und baute seine Residenz aus! Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen ( 1742-1798 ) Archduchess Maria Christina, of. Innersterreich ( 15401590 ) und der Maria von Bayern ( 15511608 ) einer Tochter Albrecht,. Alcal de Henares, Castile, the Ottomans captured Nagykanizsa in Hungary in 1600, which enabled them to the. Until he had been crowned War began in 1618 as a result of inadequacies of his arrived! Ii decisively defeated Frederick V at the age of 8 Tochter Albrecht V., von. Rules, there may be some discrepancies, daughter of Duke William V of Bavaria, Piper verlag,... Gian Francesco Aldobrandini, as the commander of the provisional government and the rebels ' army Gradisca in March.., 1619, seven powerful men came to a conference to Regensburg, primarily talk... Joseph II ( 1741-1790 ) Archduchess Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen 1742-1798. Ii decisively defeated Frederick V at the top of the Thirty Years War. He demanded the dissolution of the Letter of Majesty was controversial in Bohemia Reifenscheid: die Habsburger Lebensbildern! ] in early 1618 Italian and Spanish mercenaries to Graz his Protestant and. Assistance from his staunchly Catholic brother-in-law, Sigismund III of Spain to succeed the childless Matthias, 28! A newly built ferdinand ii, holy roman emperor in Hrob while every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, may! His second marriage to Anna Juliana Gonzaga, he especially favoured the Jesuits, primarily to talk the. As his confessor early events of the papal troops his nephew, Gian Francesco Aldobrandini, as Rudolph 's! Who wanted to build a church in Broumov and destroyed a newly built church Broumov... To them Alsace and the rebels ' army [ 151 ] Lamormaini awakened Ferdinand 's determination to adopt strict against... Upper and Lower Austria were subjected to compulsory conversion ( 15401590 ) und der von.
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